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The domestic livestock resources of Turkey: breed descriptions and status of guard and hunting dogs.
Prof Dr Orhan Yılmaz
The present day inhabitants of modern Turkey arrived in the country with the expansion of the Turkic Empire out from Centra Asia in the middle of the eleventh century. They travelled with their herds and flocks and with the guard and hunting dogs as part of their array of domestic animals. In the one thousand years since their arrival several specialized dog breeds have developed. This paper describes ten such, five of which are molossers, one is a sighthound, one is a scenthound and one is a small Spitz type. Two of the molossers (Kangal and Akbash) have local breed societies or associations and are well known and have breed societies internationally but are not recognized by the Fédération Cynoloqique Internationale (FCI). One molosser (Kars) is registered by the Turkish Standards Institute and another (Koyun) has been recently identified. The sighthound (Tazi) is similar to other Near and Middle East greyhounds. The scenthound (Tarsus Catalburun also known in English as Fork-nose and Turkish Pointer) is little known outside Turkey but is celebrated in its home area for its skills and is finding employment as a sniffer dog for narcotics, explosives and live and dead people. The Spitz-type (Dikkulak) is employed mainly as a household guard dog as are two other breeds of indeterminate type. The Cynology Federation of Turkey was formed in 2006 and is a contract partner of the FCI (and considers there may be as many as twenty dog breeds as opposed to the ten here described). A Turkish NGO known as Let’s Adopt tries to place street dogs. Turkey’s Animal Welfare Act No. 5199 of 2004 seeks to protect animals from torture, abuse and maltreatment but with regard to dogs is mainly concerned with capture-neutering-return of stray street dogs
Different management systems in early life have impact on intestinal immune development in pigs
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Dirkjan Schokker
The Domestic Livestock Resources of Turkey: National Horse History, Breed Descriptions and Conservation Status.
Prof Dr Orhan Yılmaz
Horses have been important in Turkey for more than 5000 years. First used as food they were then used in war as cavalry and draught animals, then in agriculture and transport and now largely for leisure and sport. National horse numbers were about 1.3 million in the 1930s having built up from an earlier population reduced by wars in the nineteenth and early part of the twentieth centuries. By 2009 there were about 180 000 horses in the country. Concomitant to reduction in numbers was a narrowing of the gene pool and the total loss of some breeds or distinct populations. Native breeds had evolved to meet various conditions including environmental and economic ones and concurrent changes in these facets of production were in large part responsible for the changes in horse numbers and genetic resources. Since the founding of the Turkish Republic (following the fall of the Ottoman Empire) in 1923 there has been much modification of the natural gene pool driven largely by public institutions in response to new challenges. At least nine breeds of various production functions have been imported and crossed with indigenous resources. In 2011 it is possible to identify 23 Turkish functional breeds whose description is the main thrust of this paper. In response to the threat of extinction and to impoverishment or loss of this important aspect of biodiversity Government has established programmes for conservation and preservation of five native breeds. Government, research institutions and producers should work together to ensure that the local gene pool is preserved and can thus continue to contribute to biodiversity and sustainable livestock production.
EAAP
Animal farming acceptability: corporate sustainability projects must embrace a feed-land-fork vision
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Alfredo J. Escribano (Escribano, A.J.)
